History
Kalarippayattu, often considered one of the oldest martial arts in the world, is a traditional combat system that originated in Kerala, India. Its history is deeply rooted in the cultural and spiritual traditions of the region. Here’s an overview of its history:
Origins and Historical Roots
Mythological Origins
- According to legend, Kalarippayattu was created by Parashurama, the sixth avatar of Lord Vishnu, learned this art from Lord Siva, who is said to have reclaimed Kerala from the sea and established the art to protect the land and its people.
- The term "Kalari" means training hall, and "Payattu" means practice or fight.
Historical Context
- Kalarippayattu is believed to have originated around 3rd century BCE during the Sangam period, coinciding with the development of the warrior clans in Kerala.
- It flourished under the patronage of local rulers, particularly during the Chera and later Zamorin reigns, who encouraged warriors to train in this sophisticated combat style.
Medieval Period
Peak of Popularity
- Kalarippayattu gained prominence between the 12th and 16th centuries, especially during times of conflict among the various feudal kingdoms in Kerala.
- Warriors known as Chekavars trained in Kalarippayattu served kings and nobles, playing a pivotal role in the famous Ankam (duels).
Structure and Philosophy
- Training in Kalarippayattu was not merely about physical combat; it incorporated mental discipline, spiritual practice, and knowledge of the human body.
Colonial Suppression
- During the British colonial period, Kalarippayattu, like many other traditional Indian practices, faced suppression. The British banned its practice in the 18th and 19th centuries, fearing that it could lead to uprisings and resistance.
- Despite this, the art survived in secret, preserved by dedicated Gurukkals (masters) and their students.
Revival in the 20th Century
- In the early 20th century, Kalarippayattu saw a revival, led by cultural pioneers like Vandyasree Kottakkal Kanaran Gurukkal and Veerasree C.V. Narayanan Nair Gurukkal, who reintroduced the art form to the public.
- Today, Kalarippayattu is recognized as a cultural treasure of Kerala, blending martial art, performance art, and spiritual discipline.
Modern Adaptations
Global Recognition
- Kalarippayattu has gained international acclaim as one of the oldest martial arts. It has influenced modern practices like yoga and contemporary martial arts.
- It is also showcased in global cultural festivals and film industries for its dynamic and aesthetic appeal.
Contemporary Practice:
- Kalaris (training spaces) in Kerala continue to train students in the ancient traditions, combining rigorous physical practice with spiritual grounding.
- Organizations like the CVN Kalari network (including the Malabar Vasudevan Gurukkal tradition) have played a vital role in preserving its authenticity and promoting it worldwide.
Kalarippayattu today stands as a symbol of Kerala’s rich cultural heritage, connecting the past to the present and ensuring that the ancient art continues to thrive. Its blend of history, tradition, and physical discipline makes it a unique and enduring martial art.